Factor structure of the comprehensive preparedness of shooters 14-15 years old, specializing in shooting from classic bow

The purpose of the work: to determine the factor structure of the complex preparedness of shooters of 14-15 years who specialize in the Classic bow, for rational construction of the training process of athletes of this age category. Material and methods. The experiment was attended by 16 bow-shooters (girls) aged 14-15 years old, specializing in Classic bow, sport school "Avangard" in Kyiv. The experiment was conducted in the preparatory period, September 2018. The archers were tested for physical fitness (shuttle running 4x9m, push-ups 30 s, jumping with skipping-rope, running 30 m, Romberg test, hanging on bent hands at an angle of 90 ̊, jump in length from place, raising the torso to a sitting position, dynamometry of the right and left hands), technical preparedness (holding the bow in the "stretch", archery 18 m, archery 60 m, stretching the bow on the right and left hand for 30 s). The obtained data were processed mathematically using factor analysis methods. Results. The factor structure of physical and technical preparedness of shooters, which are at the stage of specialized basic training, is established. Five factors were identified: static power endurance, dynamic power endurance, coordination capabilities, speed capabilities, strength capabilities. Conclusions. It is revealed that the most important indicators of the complex training of archers 14-15 years old are the indicators of shooting in the open air and indicators of the static strength of the archer, as well as indicators of shooting in the room and indicators of the dynamic endurance of the archer, indicating the dependence of physical and technical training. The use of rational means and methods of physical and technical training in the training process of athletes is recommended.


Introduction
The problem of training athletes in Olympic sports is highly relevant [1,2]. Qualitative improvement of sports and technical skills is the main task in the preparation of archers. Modern archery is a complex technical sport that places great demands on the physical, technical, tactical and psychological training of athletes of various qualifications. However, for beginners, archers is an interesting and accessible sport due to its emotional appeal and low energy costs. The practice of sports work and the results of scientific research show that systematic training for 8-10 years is necessary to achieve international class results in shooting sports [3]. In this regard, at each stage of multi-year preparation, it is necessary to search for the most effective ratios of loads of various directions and new forms of organization of the training process.
A theoretical analysis of scientific and methodical studies in archery indicates existing scientific data on improving the effectiveness of training with the help of control exercises with complicated performance conditions (shooting sitting on a chair, standing on the platform, eyes closed) [3], using a balance board with additional optical gun and special target exercises [4], as well as by improving the technical means of teaching motor actions [2].
Modern scientific research is devoted to the content of sports training of archers are focused mainly on the training of qualified athletes [5,6]. Scientists have found that the sporting success of highly skilled shooters is most determined by the coordination abilities of the athlete. The stability of the shooter-weapon system largely depends on the ability to control this system when exposed to external and internal factors: the speed at which the shot is executed, the content front sight during aiming, and the processing of the shot [2,7]. Some scientists note the importance of the problem of psycho-emotional stability of the shooter, which is essentially expressed in the duration of the retention of the sight at the center of the target until it stops completely [8]. Tarasova et.al. [7] determined the factor structure of the functional state and special physical performance of skilled archery shooters, which allowed to identify the most significant factors. Studies to determine the biomechanical and physiological parameters of archery are conducted by many researchers [9][10][11]. Some experts compared the muscular activity of the shoulder girdle and upper extremity of athletes with different levels of experience in archery and determined that training lower trapezius muscles actively influences the improvement of archery skills [12].
In methodical and partially in scientific studies it has been shown that effective work with young athletes is possible only on the basis of taking into account physiological changes that occur in the body of adolescents [13,14]. Moreover, since the age of 10-15 is most favorable for the development of special physical qualities and the formation of specific coordination abilities. At the initial basic specialization stage, special attention is recommended to be paid to the development and improvement of the special quality of the archerdifferentiation of the speed at which the boom reaches down. At the stage of special basic training, the training process is aimed at the development and improvement of special physical and technical training of athletes in accordance with the requirements of the specifics of archery. During this period, athletes begin to actively participate in competitions in the categories of Olympic and block bow. Therefore, when selecting training bows, coaches need to take into account the differences between Olympic and block bows. The main difference lies in the presence of a block system located on his shoulders, therefore the speed of the arrow and the strength of the shot of such a bow exceeds any Olympic variant by half or even three times. In contrast to the classic, a shot in a block bow occurs not only due to the strength of the shoulders, but also through the use of a system of block mechanisms.
In connection with the characteristics of the competitive activity of archers, and their specialization, the importance of physical and technical readiness in the formation and improvement of sportsmanship of athletes increases.
Thus, the purpose of our study was to determine the factor structure of the complex preparedness of shooters 14-15 years old, specializing in Classic bow, for the rational construction of the training process of athletes of this age category.

Participants
The experiment was attended by 16 bowshooters (girls) aged 14-15 years old, specializing in Classic bow, Athletes have three years of experience in archery and are part of a group of basic training, sport school "Avangard" in Kyiv. The experiment was conducted in the preparatory period, September 2018.

Methods
. To determine the level of development of physical fitness, the following tests were used: Health, sport, rehabilitation Здоров'я, спорт, реабілітація Здоровье, спорт, реабилитация 02 • Shuttle run 4 x 9 m was performed with a stop and touching the line. The execution time was fixed (s).
• Hang on bent arms at an angle of 90˚ (s).
• Long jump from the spot (cm).
• Raising the torso to a sitting position (number of times).
• Dynamometer of the right and left hand (kg).
To determine the level of technical development of basketball players, the following tests were used: • Bow content in "stretching". Testing was performed standing, the execution time (s) was recorded.
• Stretching a bow with right and left hand for 30 s. Testing was performed standing, recorded a number of times.
• Archery 18 m (number of points). Shooting is performed indoors at a distance of 18 meters at the target (120 s per series). There are a total of 20 series of 3 arrows each. Fixed number of points.
• Archery 60 m (number of points). Shooting is done in the air at a distance of 60 meters at the target (240 seconds per series). There are a total of 12 series of 6 arrows each. Fixed number of points.

Statistical analysis
Digital material was processed using traditional methods of mathematical statistics using Microsoft Excel, SPSS. The factor analysis was used by the method of main components to determine the hidden relationships between the indicators of special physical and technical readiness of athletes. The analysis served as a means of reducing variables and identifying the main components that determine the structure of the complex preparedness of athletes.

Results
Conducting a factor analysis, with the help of which a large number of variables (in our case, 15), was reduced to a smaller number of independent values, allowed us to identify five factors (Table 1). The first factor was called "Static power endurance". It includes test indicators: hanging on bent arms at an angle of 90˚ (r = 0.56), Romberg's test (r = 0.59), bow content in "stretching" (r = 0.62). These indicators characterize the endurance to longterm work of moderate power, the steady content of the stretched bow in the process of aiming and processing the release of the boom, including the functioning of the majority of the muscular system. This factor also includes indicators of testing flexion, push-ups 30 s, (r = 0.67) and a long jump from the spot (r = 0.56). These indicators characterize the Health, sport, rehabilitation Здоров'я, спорт, реабілітація Здоровье, спорт, реабилитация 02 power capabilities of archers related to keeping the bow in a static position, the ability to maintain optimal power stresses for a long time. All indicators form the highest correlation coefficients with the first indicator of archery testing 60 m (r = 0.69). After all, the manifestation of the static power endurance of an archer is the ability to maintain an optimal level of performance during the entire shooting exercise for a few hours both during the competition and during training.
The second factor included the indicators that form the highest correlation coefficients with the first indicator of this factor archery 18 m (r = 0.81). These are indicators of stretching the bow with right and left hands for 30 s (r = 0.68-0.54) and raising the torso to a sitting position (r = -0.516). These indicators characterize the archers' ability to work for a long time and efficiently, aimed at multiple bow tension, therefore the second factor was named "Dynamic power endurance".
The third most important factor was named "Coordination capabilities". It included such indicators as jumping skipping-rope for 1 min (r = 0.56), shuttle running 4x9 m (r = 0.71), dynamometer of the left hand (r = 0,64). This factor is not less significant, because a high level of coordination abilities allows you to quickly acquire new motor skills; rationally carry out the existing stock of skills, abilities and motor skills; show the necessary variation of movements in accordance with the specific situations of training and competitive activities. In archery, coordination abilities are largely due to the speediness of the athlete, which is necessary for processing information received from visual, kinesthetic, tactile, auditory analyzers. This suggests that the improvement of technical skill is carried out through the improvement of the properties of analyzers, provide rich information about the nature and degree of accuracy of the actions performed in specific conditions and improve consistency in their work.
The fourth factor and the fifth factor included the test running 30 m (r = 0.821) and dynamometry of the right hand (r = 0.48), they were called "Speed capabilities" and "Power capabilities", respectively. These indicators stood out in separate factors, as the speed capabilities of the shooters provide a quick rise of the bow and its stretching when firing in adverse meteorological conditions and with a shortage of time left to execute the shot. And power capabilities are manifested in opposition to the growing fatigue caused by the power component of the load, that is, the onion content in a relatively stable position (a certain time) and its tension.
Thus, in the general structure of preparedness of archers, five factors were singled out, the percentage of which from the total variance is presented in Fig. 1. Analyzing the percentage contribution of various factors to the total variance, we note that the first factor "Static power endurance" prevails in the structure of preparedness of shooters from the bow. Then follow the second and third factors, their percentage contribution is almost the same, which indicates the equal importance of these factors. This can be explained by the fact that the activity of the shooter, who specializes in the Classic bow, is the alternation of long-term static and dynamic relatively uniform work performed in a few hours. But the amount of static work is much higher, since with static voltage fatigue occurs faster than with dynamic. This is due to the large load on the nervous system, which should regulate the high accuracy and uniformity of muscular effort with a large number of executed shots. Coordination capabilities depend on the archer's motor fitness, as well as on the effectiveness of mental processes that determine the reliability of motion control and ensure that the athlete performs technical actions at the same time. Coordination abilities are needed to execute the shot, ensure the sustainability of the "gunner-weapon" system and adequately respond to changes in the conditions of sports activity (lighting, wind, rain, etc.).

Discussion
Modern scientists [15][16][17] actively apply multivariate analysis methods to study the structure of the integrated fitness of young and skilled athletes Health, sport, rehabilitation Здоров'я, спорт, реабілітація Здоровье, спорт, реабилитация 02 in various sports. Leading Ukrainian specialists [18] consider factor analysis to be the most appropriate mathematical tool. It allows you to reduce a wide range of indicators of preparedness and to identify the main components that determine the exact characteristics of the individual characteristics of athletes. The use of modern methods of analysis helps to create optimal training methods that best meet the requirements of the training process in a specific period of time. In sports games, using factor analysis, scientists [19] develop individual factor models of physical fitness of athletes of various game roles. In this regard, the studies conducted in this work confirm and supplement the data of the listed authors about the need to use a wide range of physical and technical readiness indicators to determine the factor structure of preparedness of archery shooters aged 14-15 years.
Sport experts emphasize that sporting achievements in archery are determined by the level of technical readiness of an athlete, because the strength of the shooter is characterized by the degree of quality of the motor actions on the basis of which the archery technique is performed [20][21]. One of the main indicators of technical excellence are efficiency and cost-effectiveness of actions. No less important are the indicators of accuracy and reliability that ensure the sustainability of the sporting result. In turn, the improvement of sports equipment will be fruitful and effective only if it provides for the formation of a biomechanically rational structure of movements, in accordance with the actual level of physical fitness of an athlete. After all, archery in competitive conditions requires the athlete to repeatedly use muscular efforts in static, overcoming and progressive modes and provide stretching of the bow (15-25 kg), holding the pose at the time of aiming (up to 10 s). In this study, the indicators of physical and technical readiness of young archers in the process of learning motor actions are analyzed. The data obtained emphasize the importance of the level of development of static and dynamic strength endurance, coordination of movements in the process of improving the sports and technical skills of athletes at the stage of special basic training. At this stage, to a greater extent than at previous ones, technical improvement is based on various rifle exercises. For example, shooting with different time intervals reached the arrows and the shot as a whole, without visual control, etc. As a result of the work on this and subsequent stages of many years of training, the archer must master the technique of many special preparatory exercises quite well. This approach forms his ability to quickly master the technique of shooting an Classic bow, which corresponds to his morphofunctional capabilities, and further provides the shooter with the ability to vary the basic parameters of technical skill depending on the conditions of specific competitions . Thus, during this period, the focus should be on the development of static strength endurance, which provides for a long and repeated repetition of the posture on the alert and maintain it for a certain time, these actions are aimed at adapting the archer's body to specific loads. The optimal distribution of the efforts of all muscle groups involved in the implementation of an aimed shot is largely dependent on the level of development of dynamic strength endurance. Therefore, the development of this quality should be aimed at ensuring coordinated actions of numerous muscle groups of the back, arm, which directly performs the tension of the bow and arm, which provides the content of the bow and counteracts its pressure. The development of coordination abilities lays the foundation for the further development of accurate perception and reproduction of muscular efforts, as well as the ability to differentiate temporal, velocity, and power characteristics in combination of movements provide a shot. Therefore, it is necessary to develop the ability to effectively manage muscle tension and relaxation [22]. The manifestation of power abilities is closely related to the efficiency of the energy supply of the respective work, the level of development of speed abilities and flexibility, they are necessary for keeping the bow and resistance to its pressure, as well as for stretching the bow, so special strength is developed regarding the archer's technical actions.
The results of the study determine the main directions of physical training of archers from the bow of 14-15 years old, specializing in the Classic bow. To optimize the training process of athletes of this age category, optimal tools, forms and methods of training athletes were selected. For the development and improvement of static power endurance, the use of the method of strictly regulated exercises with the use of special schemes, providing for a long bow holding and tight rest intervals, has been proposed. For the development of dynamic strength endurance, it is recommended to perform multiple imitations of bow tension with a resistance of 25-50% of the maximum force at an average pace until complete fatigue (work on a simulator with the exception of a hand holding a bow, or with a rubber band) 60-70 % of maximum effort at an average pace. Special dexterity should be developed with the help of exercises characteristic of the activity of the archery bow. When training coordination abilities, it should be taken into account that the archer simultaneously performs several technical actions that require coherence in the work of various muscle Health, sport, rehabilitation Здоров'я, спорт, реабілітація Здоровье, спорт, реабилитация 02 groups (bow holding, resistance to bow pressure, bow tension and orientation in the shooting plane, maintaining the necessary posture, correct brush position, which ensures release of a bowstring), and corrects various characteristics of his movements, agreeing with changes in the situation. In this regard, modeling the complicated conditions of activity in the process of shooting (reducing the time allotted for shooting, changing light, shooting in adverse meteorological conditions, etc.), which cause the archer to change the pace and rhythm of shooting, take into account the influence of artificially introduced obstacles and look for new ways to overcome the difficulties. For the development and improvement of speed capabilities, it is recommended to perform multiple repetitions of speed actions with maximum or maximum intensity on stimulus signals with a gradual reduction in response time without disrupting the execution technique. Exercises related to the imitation of individual elements of a shot with an arrow can be used, or directly shooting at various distances with specific tasks. For the development of strength, exercises with weights, exercises using various training devices and exercises that are performed at a slow pace with significant muscle tension are proposed.
Thus, regular monitoring and accounting of the dynamics of physical and technical readiness, proper selection of means and methods of sports training will optimize the training process of the archers at different stages of many years of training and adjust it when changing any training conditions (changes in the competition calendar, injuries, diseases and etc.).

Conclusions
It is shown that the indicators of complex testing of archers from 14 to 15 years old, specializing in Classic bow, are divided into five factors: static power endurance, dynamic power endurance, coordination capabilities, speed capabilities, strength capabilities. It was revealed that the first, the most important factor, included shooting indicators in the open air and indicators of the static power endurance of the archer, the second included shooting indicators in the room and indicators of the dynamic power endurance of the archer, which indicates the dependence of physical and technical training in archery. The use of rational means and methods of physical and technical training of archers on the stage of special basic training for the optimal construction of the training process of athletes is recommended.